23 Aralık 2010 Perşembe

MÜZİĞİN TOPLUM ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ

TEKNOLOJİK GELİŞMELERDEN 

ETKİLENEN MÜZİK SANATININ BİREY VE

TOPLUM ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ

 

 



TEKNİK GELİŞMELERİN SANATLARA ETKİSİ VE TEKNİK GELİŞMELERDEN ETKİLENEN SANATIN TOPLUM OLGULARI ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ:
Sanat duygusal algıları ortaya çıkarır, canlı tutar ve çoğaltır. Duyguların etkinliğinin canlı tutulması, ve artması duygusal etkinliklerin öfkenin, korkunun, sevincin, coşkunun, yücelme vb nin de bireylerde ve toplumlarda artmasına neden olur.
Teknolojideki gelişmeler sanatın bu etkinliğinin daha da artmasına neden olmuştur. Yirminci yüzyılın başlarından başlayarak, sanat teknik donanımlardan aldığı destekle, duygulanımlar üzerine  çok daha şiddetli ve çok daha yaygın olarak (süre ve yer olarak) etki etme gücüne sahiptir . Radyo, televizyon iletişim araçları ile, kısa zaman öncesine kadar plaklar, kasetler ile, zamanımızda CD ve DVD’ ler , bilgisayarlar, sinema salonları, ses gücü arttırılmış büyük açık hava konserleri ile..vb insan duygulanımları üzerinde büyük bir etki-baskı yapmaktadır. İnsan duygusal algılamaları  sürekli açık tutulmakta, duygusal yaşantıların patolojik etki altında kalmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu ortamda İnsanların ve toplumların  aşırı duygu yüklenmesi kaçınılmazdır. Aşırı duygu yüklenmeleri sonucu insan ve toplumların gerçek yaşamla bağları zayıflar, yapay dünyaların yaşantılarının etkisi altında kalır. Etki altında kalınan sanatların uyandırdığı duygulanım türüne bağlı olarak birey ve toplumlarda karamsarlık, öfke, coşku ve aşırı güvenle birlikte yücelme duygularının..vb şiddetli olarak ortaya çıkar . Bu duygulanımlara bağlı olarak, ussallığa bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan davranışlar azalır.

Teknolojide gelişmelerden yararlanan özellikle müzik ve müzikle birlikte görüntülü olarak yapılan sanatlar, toplumun en alt bireylerine kadar yaygınlaşmış, büyük etkileme yeteneği kazanmış, sonuçta duygusal davranışların patolojik derecede artmasına neden olmuştur. Son yüzyıl içinde çıkan iki büyük savaşta ve diğer savaşlarda, ulusların birbiri üzerinde egemenlik kurma amaçlarında, ekonomik ve siyasal nedenlerle birlikte  teknoloji ile güçlenen sanatın insanların ruhunda ortaya çıkardığı değişikliklerin büyük etkileri vardır.

MÜZİĞİN BİREYSEL VE TOPLUMSAL ETKİLERİ:
Platon, İbni Rüşt gibi büyük düşünürler, çağlarında etkinliği, yaygınlığı günümüzle kıyaslanamayacak kadar az olmasına karşın müziğin toplum üzerine etkilerini yüzlerce yıl öncesinde görmüşler ve birtakım düzenlemelerin yapılmasını iyi devlet yönetimi için kesin olarak gerekli görmüşlerdir. Platon’a göre Taklit (tragedya-dram) sanatının yanında, savaşçıların ruhunu eğitirken dinlenilen müziğin ritmi ve makamı da önemlidir. Gevşek, bozuk, ağır ve aşırı hızlı, hüzünlü makam ve ritimler savaşçıların ruhsal eğitimini olumsuz etkiler. Onun düşünmüş olduğu eğitimde ruhsal yönden yücelten makam ve ritimler dışında musiki dinletilmeyecektir.

İbni Rüşt’ün 1500 yıl sonraki yorumuna göre de :Savaşçıların korkusuz ve yiğit olarak yetişebilmesi için, ölümden, cehennemden söz etmemek gerekir.Ağlamak ve aşırı gülmek iyi değildir. Savaşçılar hayvanları ve doğadaki sesleri taklit etmemelidir. Dinleyecekleri makam ve ritimlerin seçimi çok önemlidir. Müzik ruhta yiğitliği devindiren, ağırbaşlılık  ve sükunete yönlendiren makam ve ritimlerden oluşmalıdır.

Platonik erdemli yurttaşlar, hiçbir maddi karşılık beklemeden iyilik ve yararlılıkta bulunmayı düşünen ve uygulayan yurttaşlardır. Müziğin itici, devindirici, coşturucu etkilemesiyle, yabancı( ilişkisiz)  başka bir imgelemde bulunmadan  bu davranışların kalıpları içinde kalırlar.

Beden, iyi bir beden eğitimi ve alınan besinlerle istekleri karşılanınca, tutkularının, aşırı
isteklerinin ortaya çıkması için elverişli , uygun duruma gelir. Temel gereksinmeleri ile ilgisi kalmadığından daha üstte olan istekleri ortaya çıkar. Bu isteklerin aşırı itkisi zararlı davranışları ortaya çıkarır. Önlemek için, ağırbaşlı, yavaş, sakin ritimli müzik ile beden yeniden eğitilirse, tutkuları yumuşatılır. Fakat sürekli yavaş, sakin ritimli müzik ise bedende gevşemeye, tembelliğe yol açar.Yüksek hızlı ritimli beden eğitimi beden gücünü arttırır.

BİREY VE TOPLUM İÇİN EN UYGUN MÜZİĞİN SEÇİMİ:
Müziğin ruhsal yapılardaki biçimlendirme gücü bireyseldir. Bireylerin ruhsal yapıları oluşurken, kişilikleri oluşurken müziğin makam ve ritimlerinin etkilemeleri bireysel özellikler kazanır.  Aynı makam ve ritimler, aynı tür müzikler bireylerin kişiliklerine bağlı olarak ayrı etkiler bırakır. Duygulanımların kaynağı olan nesnel olgular, her bireyin öznel yaşamının sürecinin etkileri ile müziğin sesleriyle özdeşleşme sonucu ortaya çıktığından, müzik zevki kişilere göreli değişir.

Müziğin bu bireysel etkileme gücüne rağmen, bireylerde ve toplumda ortak, genel etkileme gücü olan makam ve ritimler de vardır. Platon ve İbni Rüşt’ün de belirlediği gibi, sürekli yavaş, sakin ritimli müzik  bedende gevşemeye, tembelliğe yol açar.Yüksek hızlı ritimli müzikler beden gücünü arttırır. Bazı yavaş ritimli müzikler ise karamsarlığa, melankoliye yol açar..vb

Bir toplumda ruhsal durumunun sağlıklı, canlı olması, sahip oldukları iş verimlililiklerinin açığa çıkması, bedenlerinin tembel olmaması için hızlı, coşkulu aynı zamanda kendine güven ve yücelik duygusu veren ritim ve makamların bulunduğu müziklerin dinletilmesi  en uygun görülmektedir.


İsmail İNCİ, 23//12/2010









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